'1 


“Mycelium  lacking,  or  developed  in  the  form  of  delicate  protoplasm-threads,C^or^ 


THE  FLORA  OF  NEBRASKA. 

■To  -n  i 0  e. 
Family— OH  YT.RIDI  ACE  AE.  * 


seldom  clearly  hyphae-like,  unicellular.  Sporangiophores  wanting  or  but  poorly  de¬ 
veloped.  Sporangia  always  forming  swarm  spores,  thin  walled  and  quickly  ripening,  or 
thick  walled  and  resting  for  a  period  (resting  sporangia).  Sexual  spore  formation  only 
developed  in  a  few  forms;  difference  between  antherid  and  oogone  scarcely  marked.” 
(Schroeter). 

This  group  contains  about  35  genera  and  160  species  of  minute,  microscopic  fungi, 
which  are  almost  all  parasites.  They  are  found  parasitic  chiefly  on  algae,  but  also 
on  flowering  plants,  fungi,  and  some  lower  animals  (worms).  They  seem  to  be  closely 
allied  to  the  algae  of  the  Protococcoideae,  to  which  the  simpler  forms  have  many  striking 
resemblances.  g 

The  family  is  divided  into  6  sub-families,  of  which  we  have  as  yet  found  represen¬ 
tatives  of  but  1  in  the  state. 

SuB-FAM. — Syncliytrieae.  —  Swarmsporangia  formed  by  simultaneous  division, 


united  into  a  sorus  or  arranged  in  a  row.  Restingsporangia  formed 
directly  from  the  whole  fruiting  body,  or  by  division,  producing  a  sorus 
of  restingsporangia. 


1.  SYXCHYTRIITIfl  DeBaky  &  Woeonin  Bericht.  d.  Naturf.  Ges.  Friburg.  III. 


(Ex  Fischer).  1863. 

Parasites  in  the  epidermal  cells  of  flowering  plants  forming  galls.  Sori  of 
swarmsporangia  (summer  sori)  formed  directly  from  the  vegetative  body, 
surrounded  by  the  colorless  membrane  of  the  mother-cell,  consisting  of 
a  number  of  close  laid  sporangia  which  by  pressure  are  polygonal; 
swarmspores  globular,  one  ciliate;  resting  spores  round  or  elliptical, 
with  a  thick  brown  exospore. 

Etymology:  Greek  aw,  together,  and  pot. 


{Synchytrinm  falg^ens  Schroeter.  Hedwigia  XII.,  141.  1873. 

Spots  minute,  purple;  galls  small,  orange  red;  sori  bright  yellow,  spherical  or 
elliptical,  produced  singly  in  the  epidermal  cells  which  they  completely 
All,  60-100  (I  in  diam.;  resting  spores  spherical,  with  a  smooth,  thick, 
brown  exospore,  66-82  //. 

On  leaves  of  Oenothera  biennis.  Not  uncommon. 

Synchytrinm  peckii  (Thuemen). 

TJvedo  aecidioides  Peck.  24th  Rep.  88,  1870.  Not  U.  aecidioides  DC.  FI.  Fr.  II.,  236, 

{1S15)  =Melampsora  aecidioides  Schroeter. 

Uredo  peckii  Thuemen  Mycotheca  Universalis  no.  538.  1876, 

S.  fulgens  decipiens  Farlow  Bull.  Buss.  Inst.  II.  229.  1878. 

S.  decipiens  Farlow  Bot.  Gaz.  1885,  p.  240. 

Spots  bright  yellow,  galls  hemispherical,  sori  spherical,  bright  yellow,  180- 
200^  in  diam.;  sporangia  very  numerous,  15 in  diam.;  resting  spores  un¬ 
known. 


» 


On  leaves  of  Falcata  comosa,  Lincoln.  PI.  XV.,  Fig.  1,  a.  b. 


Order  4. — COYJUOATAE.— Unicellular  or  filamentous,  chlorophyll-green  or 


colorless;  propagation  by  cell  division;  reproduction  by  the  union  of  sim¬ 
ilar  cells  (isogametes). 


By  Roscoe  Pound. 


^1:8 


THE  FLORA  OF  NEBRASKA. 


.  '  '  Family.— MUCORACEAE.* 

<^Mycelium  well  developed,  thread-like  (i.  e.,  with  hyphae),  branched,  up  to  the  time 
of  fructification  unicellular  (i.  e.,  without  septa).  Asexual  reproduction  by  internal 
spore-formation  in  terminal  cells  (sporangia)  or  by  reduced  sporangia  which  resemble 
one-celled  conidia  or  conidia-chains.  Sexual  spore-formation  by  zygospores;  that  is,  by 
the  union  of  two  undifferentiated  or  scarcely  differentiated  cells  to  form  a  zygospore. 
All  spores  germinating  by  a  germinating  tube;  no  swarmspore  formation.” — (Schroeter). 

The  Mucoraceae  are  a  well  marked  group  containing  about  18  genera  and  120-125 
species,  which  are  saprophytes  or  parasites  on  other  fungi,  chiefly  of  the  same  group. 
The  group  is  now  divided  into  5  sub-families,  of  which  2  only  are  represented  in  Ne¬ 
braska. 

In  the  formation  of  zygospores  the  Mucoraceae  agree  with  the  Conjugata£.  All  of 
the  sub-families  except  the  Cephalideae  form  the  zygospore  directly  by  the  union  of  the 
contents  of  the  two  conjugating  cells,  as  in  the  Zijgnemeae.  In  the  Cephalideae  the 
zygospore  is  formed  in  a  new  cell  cut  off  by  a  partition  wall  from  the  cell  formed  by  the 
conjugating  cells,  as  in  the  Mesocarpeae.  But  the  asexual  spore-formation  has  no  proto¬ 
type  in  the  Covjiigatae.  In  this  respect  the  Mucoraceae  appear  to  be  connected  with  the 
Chytridiaceae^  certain  forms  of  which  {Zygochytrium)  bear  a  remarkable  resemblance  to 
them  both  in  their  sexual  and  asexual  reproduction. 

• 

SYNOPSIS. 


Asexual  spores  formed  in  sporangia. 

Sporangia  with  a  columella . Sub-family  Mucoreae 

Mycelium  and  sporangia  of  one  kind  only . Tribe  Eumncoreae 

Sporangiophore  simple  or  branched . Mucor 

[Aerial  mycelium  thorny . Spinellus] 

[Sporangiophore  dichotomously  branched  at  apex . Syzygites] 

•  Sporangiophore  unbranched,  bright  metallic  in  color . Phy corny ces 


Mycelium  of  two  kinds— vegetative  and  fertile.  Sporangia  of  one  kind, 

Tribe  Rhizopeae 

Membrane  of  sporangium  entirely  disappearing,  leaving  the  colu¬ 


mella,  which  soon  collapses . Ascophora 

Membrane  of  sporangium  of  two  parts:  above  cuticularized  and  perma¬ 
nent,  below  thin  and  quickly  disappearing .  Tribe  Piloboleae 

Sporangiophore  swollen  below  the  sporangium . Hydrogera 


[Sporangia  without  a  columella,  fertile  mycelium  distinct  from  vegetative. 

Sub-family  Mortierelleae] 

Asexual  spores  formed  as  conidia. 

Conidia  single— i.  e.,  not  in  chains . Sub-family  Chaetocladieae 

Parasitic  on  other  Mucoraceae . Chaetocladium 

SuB-FAM. — IMncoreae. — Asexual  spores  'formed  in  sporangia;  sporangia  with  a 
columella  (except  sporaugiola  in  forms  having  them);  zygospores  naked, 
'  or  surrounded  by  loose,  simple,  or  slightly  branched  hyphae. 

Tribe. — Eumucoreae.— Mycelium  of  one  kind  only. 

This  is  the  typical  group  from  which  all  the  others,  unless  perhaps  the  Cepha¬ 
lideae,  appear  to  be  derived. 


•  By  Roecoe  Pound. 


THE  FLORA  OF  NEBRASKA. 


49 


/' 


1.  MUCOR  Linne  Spec.  PI.  II.,  1655.  1753.  .  '  , 

Saprophytic;  mycelium  spreading  in  and  upon  the  substratum;  sporapgio- 
phores  springing  up  here  and  there  on  the  mycelium,  simple  or  brancke(^, 
sporangia  round,  many-spored;  zygospores  borne  on  the  mycelium  iaalted^ 
the  copulating  branches  (suspensors)  without  outgrowths.  ^ 

Etymology:  Latin  mucor,  mould. 

This  was  the  name  of  one  of  the  eleven  genera  under  which  Linne  in  his 
Genera  Plantarum  included  all  fungi. 


Jfliicor  mnce<1o  Linne  1.  c.  (in  part). 

Sporangiophores  erect,  rigid,  simple,  2-15  cm.  high;  sporangia  large,  round, 
l()0-200  fjL  in  diam.,  the  membrane  quickly  disappearing,  leaving  a  small 
collar-like  fragment  at  the  base;  columella  high-arched,  cylindrical  or 
truncate-conical,  70-140x50-80  //;  spores  rounded,  cylindrical,  or  long 
ellipsoid,  6-12  x  3-6  //  or  sometimes  larger,  colorless  or  light  yellow. 

In  my  specimens  the  spores  are  regularly  8-10  about  half  as  wide  and  rather 
strongly  tinged  with  yellow. 

On  excrement  of  animals  and  various  decaying  substances  the  world  over. 
Quite  common  on  decaying  insects  in  the  water  around  Lincoln.  PI. 
XIV.,  Fig.  1,  a,  b,  c. 

Mncor  raccmosn.^  Fresenius  Beitraege  12.  1850. 

Chlamydomucor  racemosiis  Brefeld  Untersuch.  1890. 

Sporangiophores  erect,  of  various  sizes,  5-40  mm.  high  or  small  and  frail, 
richly  and  irregularly  branched,  each  branch  terminating  in  a  sporangium; 
sporangia  small,  round,  of  various  sizes,  depending  on  the  nourishment, 
20-70  n  in  diam.,  the  membrane  not  dissolving  but  splitting;  columella 
broad  clavate  or  obovate;  spores  round  or  short  ellipsoid,  smooth,  color¬ 
less  singly  but  in  mass  yellowish,  6-10x5-8 

When  grown  in  a  solution  it  forms  septa  rapidly  and  grows  by  budding.  In 
this  condition  it  forms  ellipsoid  or  rounded-oblong  chlamydospores  here 
and  there  in  the  hyphae  and  even  in  the  sporangiophores.  In  its  bud¬ 
ding  state  it  is  a  ferment. 

On  decaying  organic  substances  the  world  over.  On  paste  in  the  botanical 
laboratories  at  the  University  and  very  common  in  solutions,  neglected 
culture- media,  etc.,  in  the  laboratory.  PI.  XIV.,  Fig.  2,  a,  b,  c. 


2.  PHYCOMYCES  KuNZEMycol.  Heftell.,  113.  1823. 

Mycelium  radiate;  sporangiophores  simple,  arising  singly,  bronze-green, 
strongly  metallic,  terminated  by  a  large  sporangium;  sporangia  round 
many-spored,  the  membrane  dissolving;  columella  pear-shaped;  conju¬ 
gating  branches  tong-shaped,  the  suspensors  producing  dichotomously 
branched,  dark  brown  projections. 

Etymology:  Greek  alga,  and  fungus. 

Phj  xoiityces  iiitenf^  (Agardh)  Kunze  1.  c. 

Ulva  nitens  Agardii.  1817. 

The  characters  of  the  genus.  Sporangiophores  7-30  cm.  long;  sporangia 
very  large,  about  1  mm.;  spores  ellipsoid,  16-30x8-15  y. 

A  beautiful  species,  quickly  recognized  by  its  metallic  appearance.  The 
sporangiophores  have  the  look  of  small,  flattened  wires. 

On  greasy,  oily  substances.  Also  found  on  a  squash  at  Lincoln.  PI.  XIV. 
Fig.  3,  a,  b,  c. 


THE  FLORA  OF  NEBRASKA. 


f 


^  \Spinellusi  rlioiiibosporus  Ehrb.),  S.  fiisiger{X‘^.)  Van  Tiegh.,  is  found  on  decaying 
agarics.  It  may  be  distinguished  by  its  aerial  mycelium  which  is  covered 
with  single  or  2-4  verticillate,  pointed,  thorn-like  branchlets.  This 
species  is  reported  for  North  America,  but  has  not  been  met  with  as  yet 
in  this  state.] 

[Syzygites  aspergillus  (Scopoli),  Sporodinia  asp>ergillus  (Scop.)  Schroeter,  is  a 
parasite  or  saprophyte  on  fleshy  fungi.  The  sporangiophores  are  dicho- 
tomously  branched  above,  and  the  zygospores  are  produced  in  large  num¬ 
bers  on  specialized  hyphae.  It  is  not  yet  certainly  reported  from  North 
America,  but  is  very  liable  to  be  found.] 

Tribe. — Rhizopeae. — Mycelium  of  two  sorts,  the  vegetative  growing  on  the  sub¬ 
stratum,  and  the  fertile  or  aerial  mycelium  which  grows  by  stolons  and 
upon  which  the  sporangiophores  are  borne.  • 


3.  ASCOPIIORA  Tode  Fung.  Mecklenb.  I.,  13.  1790. 

Fertile  mycelium  at  flrst  white,  then  brown  or  brownish  black,  growing  in  all 
directions  by  stolons  which  fasten  here  and  there  by  rhizoids  and  at 
these  points  produce  one  or  more  sporangiophores  and  other  stolons, 
sporangiophores  swelling  just  below  the  sporangia;  sporangia  hemis¬ 
pherical,  the  membrane  entirely  disappearing;  columella,  hemispherical, 
forming  with  the  terminal  sw’elling  of  the  sporangiophore,  a  club-shaped 
head  which  collapses  and  has  the  appearance  of  an  umbrella;  zygospores 
naked. 

Etymology:  Greek  aaKog,  sac,  and  to  bear. 

Aseopliora  mncedo  Tode  1.  c. 

d/zico?’ Ehrb.  Sylv.  Myc.  Berol.  25.  1818. 

Rhizopus  nigricans  Ehrb.  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Leopol.  X.,  1,  193.  1820. 

Mucor  clavatus  Ek.  Sp.  PI.  VI.,  1,  92.  1824. 

Stolons  creeping  here  and  there  over  the  substratum,  quickly  covering  it,  at 
flrst  colorless,  then  brown;  branches  1-3  cm.  or  longer;  rhizoids  more  or 
less  branched;  sporangiophores  rarely  single,  usually  in  clusters  of  3-5 
or  more  on  each  node,  34  to  4  mm.  high;  sporangia  hemispherical, 
1C 0-350  y  wide;  columella  broad  hemispherical,  high-arched,  with  the 
swelling  of  the  sporangiophore  forming  a  clavate,  cylindrical  head  reach¬ 
ing  almost  to  the  tip  of  the  sporangium,  usually  collapsing  after  the  dis¬ 
solution  of  the  sporangium  membrane,  and  remaining  a  long  time  covered 
with  spores;  spores  of  various  sizes  and  shapes,  irregularly  globose,  or 
oval,  with  one  or  tw’o  truncated  corners,  somewhat  longer  than  broad, 
thick  walled,  finely  striate,  averaging  6-17  y. 

On  all  kinds  of  decaying  organic  matter — one  of  the  commonest  of  fungi. 
Quickly  recognizable  by  its  mode  of  growth  and  the  peculiar  umbrella¬ 
like  appearance  of  the  collapsed  columella. 

Mucor  clavatus  Lk.,  Webber’s  Catalogue  No.  129,  belongs  here.  The  specimen 
there  referred  to  is  principally  A.  mucedo^  but  it  seems  to  have  grown 
over  another  mould  which  from  the  spores  is  doubtless  Mucor  mucedo, 
and  the  spores  of  the  Ascophora  are  somewhat  larger  than  usual.  PI. 
XIV.,  Fig.  4,  a,  b,  c,  d. 

Tribe. — Piloboleae. — Membrane  of  sporangium  of  two  parts;  the  upper  half  cutic- 
ularized  and  permanent,  the  lower  thin  and  quickly  dissolving. 


THE  FLORA  OF  NEBR.4SKA. 


c 

.  '  51 

/ 

4.  HYDROGrERA  WiGGERS  FL  Holsat.  110.  1780. 

Sporangiophores  simple,  arising  singly  from  swellings  in  the  mycelium„coroi"'s 
less  or  orange,  above  expanding  into  a  large  ellipsoid  swelling;  sporangia 
hemispherical  or  lens-shaped,  many-spored;  'the  membrane  above  black 
and  cuticularized,  the  lower  half  quickly  disappearing  and  leaving  the 
upper  part  resting  on  the  conical  columella;  both  at  maturity  thrown  off 
by  tension  of  the  terminal  swelling  of  the  sporangiophore;  zygospores, 
naked,  borne  on  tong-shaped  branches. 

Etymology:  Greek  v6up^  water,  and  Latin  gero,  to  carry. 


Hydroft’era  obliqna  (Scop.)  OK.  Rev.  Gen.  855.  1891, 

Mucor  obliquus  Scopoli  Flor.  Carniol.  II.,  494.  1772. 

Hi/drogera  crystallina  Wiggers  1,  c. 

Pilobolus  crystalUnus  Tode  Schrift.  Naturf.  Freund.  Berl.  V.  46.  1784.  (Ex 

Fischer). 

Sporangiophores  arising  singly  from  a  bladder-like  swelling  of  the  mycelium, 

^  5-10  mm.  long,  the  terminal  swelling  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  .85-l.30x.60-.85 

mm.;  sporangia  plano-convex,  resting  on  the  side  of  the  terminal  swelling 
300-400x100-150  //;  columella  conical;  spores  elliptical  5-10x3-6  y,  color^ 
less,  but  in  mass  greenish  yellow. 

On  dung,  on  ground  in  greenhouse,  not  uncommon.  PI.  XIV.,  Fig.  5,  a. 

[3Iortierellci  has  a  distinct  fertile  mycBlium  from  which  the  sporangiophores  arise 
singly  or  in  groups,  the  bases  being  enveloped  in  a  mass  of  short  branches. 
The  sporangia  are  many-spored  and  have  no  columella.  The  zygospores 
are  covered  with  a  dense  mass  of  hyphae,  which  branch. off  from  the 
suspensor-cells  and  the  branches  from  which  the  latter  arise.  21.  poly- 
cephala  Coemans,  distinguished  among  other  things  by  its  branched 
sporangiophores,  grows  on  dung*  and  on  decaying  pore  fungi.  It  has  been 
reported  from  the  United  States,  and  should  be  found  here.] 

SuB-FAM. — Chaetoclaclieae. — Asexual  reproduction  by  conidia  which  are  borne 
singly  (i.  e,,  not  in  chains)  in  groups  on  the  swollen  middle  portion  of 
branches  of  the  conidiophores,  the  ends  of  which  are  sterile. 

Through  the  TliamnidicdB^  one  of  the  tribes  of  the  2Jucov6ci6,  not  represented 
in  our  flora,  this  group  is  connected  with  the  Eumucjoreae.  The  grada¬ 
tions  shown  by  other  forms  and  produced  by  cultivation  make  it  reason¬ 
ably  certain  that  the  conidia  are  to  be  regarded  as  reduced  one-celled 
sporangia.  . 


5.  CHAETOCLADIEM  Fresenius  Beitraege  97.  1853. 

Parasitic  upon  other  2Iucoraceae,  mycelium  thin,  colorless,  forming  clusters 
of  short,  thick  haustoria  at  the  point  of  attachment  with  the  hyphae  of 
the  host;  sporangiophores  creeping,  verticillately  branched,  ending  in  a 
long,  sterile,  pointed  tip,  the  branches  short  with  sterile  tips,  bearing  on 
the  swollen  portion  large  numbers  of  single  conidia. 

Etymology:  Greek  hair,  and  k/xi6iov,  branch. 

Cliaetocladinm  brefeldii  Van  Tiegh.  &  LeMon.  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Bot  5  XVII 
342.  1873. 

Characters  of  the  genus;  conidia  globose  or  globose-elliptical,  smooth,  color¬ 
less,  2-5  fi. 


•  THE  FLORA  OF  NEBRASKA. 


Parasitic  on  Mucor  mucedo  and  Ascopliora  mucedo.  I  have  found  it  but  once 
— at  Lincoln  in  1888  on  an  onion  with  Ascopliora  mucedo.  PI.  XIV., 
Fig.  6,  a. 

[C.  Jonesii  (Berk,  &  Br.)  Fres.,  distinguished  by  its  larger  conidia  with  finely 
echinate  exospore,  blue  in  mass,  grows  on  dung  with  other  Slucoraceae. 
It  has  been  reported  from  North  America,  and  ought  to  be  found  here.] 

Family.— ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE.* 

“Mycelium  mostly  parasitic  on  living  animals  (insects),  more  rarely  on  plants,  or 
saprophytic,  richly  branched,  often  falling  apart  in  bits,  at  first  unicellular.  Asexual 
reprjduc':ion  by  conidia,  which  are  produced  singly  on  the  ends  of  unbranched  threads 
growing  up  out  of  the  substratum,  and  at  maturity  are  absected;  without  special,  stalked 
conidiophores.  Zygospores  on  the  mycelium.” — (A.  Fischer,  in  Rabh.  Krypt.  Flor.) 

A  small  group,  chiefly  parasitic  on  insects,  containing  5  genera  and  about  40  species. 
The  resting  spores,  which  are  either  zygospores  or  azygospores,  as  in  the  Mucoraceae^ 
point  to  some  relationship  with  that  group.  The  two  groups  are  for  that  reason  usually 
placed  near  together  by  systematic  writers.  However,  they  do  not  seem  to  have  any  im¬ 
mediate  connection. 

1.  EXT<>:?IOPHTHORA  Fresenius  Bot.  Zeit.  XIV.,  883.  1856. 

Empusa  Cohn  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Caesar.  Leopol.  Carol.  XXV.,  I.,  317.  1855.  (Ex 
Winter),  not  Emjmsa  Lindley,  1824:= Lijoar is  Rich. 

Parasitic  on  insects;  the  characters  of  the  family. 

Etymology:  Greek  evrofxog,  insect,  and  <j>0opT]^  death. 

Empusa  Cohn,  the  name  adopted  by  Berlese  &  DeToni  in  the  Sylloge  Fungorum 
and  by  Thaxter  in  his  Entomoplitlioraceae  of  the  United  States,  must  be 
rejected  on  account  of  the  older  Emjnisa  Lindley,  one  of  the  orchids,  in 

accordance  with  the  Rochester  Rules.  H 

o 

The  name  Entomoplitliora  was  formerly  restricted  to  the  conidial  stage  of 
these  fungi,  the  resting  spore  stage  being  placed  in  a  genus  Tarichium. 

Entomoplitliora  iiinseae  (Fries.)  Fres.  1.  c. 

(9)  Sporodonema  muscae  Fr.  Syst.  Mycolog.  III.,  435.  1829. 

Empusa  muscae  Cohn  1.  c. 

Conidia  bell-shaped  or  nearly  spherical,  with  a  broad  subtruncate  base  and 
sharply  pointed  apex;  18-25x20-30  containing  usually  a  single  large  oil 
globule,  and  surrounded  after  discharge  with  a  mass  of  protoplasm. 
Conidiophores  simple,  broad  and  stout,  tapering  gradually  to  a  narrow 
base;  emerging  in  white  rings  between  the  segments  of  the  host,  without 
coalescing  over  its  body.  Secondary  conidia  like  the  primary,  or  more 
commonly  subovoid,  small,  rounded  at  the  apex  and  formed  by  direct 
budding  from  the  primary  form.  Resting  spores,  azygospores,  produced 
laterally  or  terminally  from  hyphae  within  the  host;  spherical,  colorless, 
30-50  //  in  diameter.  (Winter.)  Host  attached  to  substratum  by  pro¬ 
boscis. — (Thaxter.) 

On  house  flies. — Musca  domestica.  Very  common  in  the  winter,  when  the  flies 
affected  may  be  found  attached  to  the  walls  and  ceiling  indoors.  PI.  XV., 
Fig.  2,  a. 

The  resting  spores,  described  by  Winter  in  Rabh.  Krypt.  Flor.  v.  Deutschl., 
etc.,  have  not  been  observed  in  this  country. 


52  ^ 


*By  Roflcoe  Pound. 


THE  FLOllA  OF  NEBRASKA. 


53 


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Kntomophtliora  grylli  Fees.  1.  c. 

E.  calopteni  Bessey  Am.  Nat.  XVII.,  1280  and  1286.  1883. 

‘•m  ^ 

Resting  spores  spherical,  colorless,  30-15  /j.. 

On  grasshoppers. — Melanoplus  differentialis,  31.  bivittatus,  and  31.  femur- 

*  rubrum;  very  common  in  autumn.  PI.  XV.,  Fig.  3,  a,  b. 

The  affected  grasshoppers  climb  to  the  tops  of  weeds  and  die  there  attached 
to  the  stem.  They  are  readily  known  by  their  tight  ancLrigid  grasp,  due 
to  contraction  of  the  limbs. 

According  to  Thaxter,  E.  calopteni  is  not  distinct  from  the  European  E.  grylli 
which  is  found  on  crickets. 


Order  5.— ISIPHOXEAE.— Typically  unicellular,  chlorophyll-green  or  colorless,  • 
filiform  (sometimes  branched),  saccate,  or  foliaceous,  one  to  plurinucleate; 
chloroplasts  disk-shaped,  parietal;  propagation  by  cell- division;  or  by 
zoogonidia;  reproduction  either  heterogametic  or  isogametic. 


SYNOPSIS. 

Fait. — Vauclieriaceae. — Terrestrial  or  aquatic;  thallus  filiform,  elongated,  often 
branched;  reproduction  by  antherids  and  oogones  borne  laterally  on  the 
filament;  propagation  by  zoospores,  zoospores  large,  arising  from  an 
apical  inflation  of  the  filament. 

Fam. — Hydrogastraceae. — Terrestrial;  thallus  a  globose  or  pyriform  cell  attached 
to  the  earth  by  branching,  hyaline  rhizoids;  reproduction  by  copulation 
of  zoogonidia. 

Fam. — SSaprolegniaceae. —  Aquatic  fungi,  mostly  saprophytes,  rarely  parasites; 

asexual  reproduction  chiefiy  by  biciliate  zoospores  arising  in  zoospor¬ 
angia;  sexual  reproduction  by  oogones  and  antherids  generally  borne 
upon  short  lateral  branches. 

Fam. — Peronosporaceae. — Fungi  growing  parasitically  in  the  subdermal  tissues 
of  fiowering  plants,  piercing  the  cell  walls  by  means  of  haustoria;  asexual 
reproduction  by  conidia;  sexuai  reproduction  by  oogones  and  antherids 
borne  laterally  upon  mycelial  filaments. 


Family.— VAUCHE-RIACEAE. 

Apparently  unicellular,  filiform,  terrestrial  or  aquatic,  chlorophyll-green;  forming 
elongated,  tubular  filaments,  simple  or  pseudo-dichotomously  branched,often  attached  to 
substratum  at  base  by  hyaline  rhizoids;  propagation  by  motile  or  non-motile  cells  formed 
in  apical  infiations;  reproduction  by  antherids  and  oogones,  usually  on  the  same  filament; 
oogones  lateral,  sessile,  or  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated,  simple  or  branched  pedicel, 
cytoplasm  converted  into  a  large  oospore;  antherids  lateral,  sessile,  or  cut  off  by  a  septum 
from  the  upper  portion  of  a  lateral  branch,  producing  antherozoids  internally,  which, 
being  emitted,  penetrate  the  apex  of  the  oogone;  antherozoids  oblong,  furnished  with 
two  unequal  cilia. 

1.  VAIJCIIERIA  DC.  in  Vauch.  Hist.  Confer.  25.  1803. 

The  characters  of  the  family;  chloroplasts  minute,  numerous,  parietal;  nuclei 
globose,  numerous,  small;  protoplasm  containing  numerous  oil  globules. 

Etymology:  dedicated  to  the  phycologist  Vaucher. 


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